Old Norse Religion, also known as Norse Paganism, is the most common name for a branch of Germanic religion which developed during the Proto-Norse period, when the North Germanic peoples separated into a distinct branch of the Germanic blogger.com was replaced by Christianity and forgotten during the Christianization of blogger.comrs reconstruct aspects of North Germanic Religion by Oct 13, · “An Essay of Dramatic Poesy” was probably written in during the closure of the London theaters due to plague. It can be read as a general defense of drama as a legitimate art form—taking up where Sir Philip Sidney’s “Defence of Poesie” left off—as well as Dryden’s own defense of his literary practices Great Zimbabwe has been described as “one of the most dramatic architectural landscapes in sub-Saharan Africa.” 1 It is the largest stone complex in Africa built before the modern era, aside from the monumental architecture of ancient Egypt. The ruins that survive are a four-hour drive south of Zimbabwe’s present-day capital of Harare
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over here. It was constructed between the 11th and 15th centuries and was continuously inhabited by the Shona peoples until about the Shona are the largest ethnic group in Zimbabwe.
Within these clay structures, rites of passage essay, excavations have revealed interior furnishings such as pot-stands, rites of passage essay, elevated surfaces for sleeping and sitting, as well as hearths.
Taken together, the settlement encompasses a cluster of approximately royal houses rites of passage essay of clay, which in addition to other multi-story clay and thatch homes would have supported as many as 20, inhabitants—a exceptional scale for a sub-Saharan settlement at this time. The stone constructions of Great Zimbabwe can be categorized into roughly three areas: the Hill Ruin on a rocky hilltoprites of passage essay, the Great Enclosure, and the Valley Ruins map below, rites of passage essay.
The Hill Ruin dates to approximatelyand incorporates a cave that remains a sacred site for the Shona peoples today. The cave once accommodated the residence of the ruler and his immediate family. The Hill Ruin also held a structure surrounded by foot high walls and flanked by cylindrical towers and monoliths carved with elaborate geometric patterns.
The letters refer to the types of stone construction see figure 4. Between two walls, Great Enclosure, Great Zimbabwe photo: MandyCC BY 2. The Great Enclosure was completed in approximatelyand it too is a walled structure punctuated with turrets and monoliths, emulating the form of the earlier Hill Ruin. The massive outer wall is 32 feet high in some places. Inside the Great Enclosure, a smaller wall parallels the exterior wall creating a tight passageway leading to large towers.
Because the Great Enclosure shares many structural similarities with the Hill Ruin, one interpretation suggests that the Great Enclosure was built to accommodate a surplus population and its religious and administrative activities.
Another theory posits that the Great Enclosure may have functioned as a site for religious rituals. The third section of Great Zimbabwe, the Valley Ruins, include a number rites of passage essay structures that offer evidence that the site served as a hub for commercial exchange and long distance trade. Archaeologists have found porcelain fragments originating from China, beads crafted in southeast Asia, and copper ingots from trading centers along the Zambezi River and from Central African kingdoms.
A monolithic soapstone sculpture of a seated bird resting on atop a register of zigzags was unearthed here. Conical Tower, Great Zimbabwe photo: MandyCC BY 2. All of the walls at Great Zimbabwe were constructed from granite hewn locally. While some theories suggest that the granite enclosures were built for defense, these walls likely had no military function.
Many segments within the walls have gaps, interrupted arcs or elements that rites of passage essay to run counter to needs of protection, rites of passage essay. The fact that the structures were built without the use of mortar to bind the stones together supports rites of passage essay that the site was not, in fact, intended for defense. Nevertheless, these enclosures symbolize the power and prestige of the rulers of Great Zimbabwe.
The conical tower above of Great Zimbabwe is thought to have functioned as a granary. According to tradition, a Shona ruler shows his largess towards his subjects through his granary, often distributing grain as a symbol of his protection. Indeed, advancements in agricultural cultivation among Bantu-speaking peoples in sub-Saharan Africa transformed the pattern of life for many, including the Shona communities of present-day Zimbabwe.
Great Enclosure entrance restoredGreat Zimbabwe photo: MandyCC BY 2. Archaeological debris indicate that the economy of Great Zimbabwe relied on the management of livestock. In fact, cattle may have allowed the Shona peoples to move from subsistence agriculture to mining and trade. Iron tools have been found on site, along with copper, and gold wire jewelry and ornaments. Great Zimbabwe is thought to have prospered, perhaps indirectly, from gold that was mined 25 miles from the city and that was transported to the Indian Ocean port at Sofala below where it made its way by dhow sailing vesselsup the coast, and by way of Kilwa Kisiwanito the markets of Cairo.
Speculations as rites of passage essay why this occurred point to the frequency of droughts and environmental fragility, though other theories stress that Great Zimbabwe might have experienced political skirmishes over political succession that interrupted trade, still other theories hypothesize disease that may have afflicted livestock.
Great Zimbabwe stands as one of the most extensively developed centers in pre-colonial sub-Saharan Africa and stands as a testament to the organization, rites of passage essay, autonomy, and economic power of the Shona peoples. The site remains a potent symbol not only to the Shona, but for Zimbabweans more broadly. After gaining independence from the British, the nation formerly named after the British industrialist and imperialist, Cecil Rhodes, was renamed Zimbabwe.
Southern Rhodesia now Zimbabwe banknote featuring the conical tower at Great Zimbabwe, The British Museum. Webber Ndoro, The Preservation of Great Zimbabwe: Your Monument, Our Shrine ICCROM,rites of passage essay, p.
Peter Garlake, Early Art and Architecture of Africa Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press,p. Great Zimbabwe World Heritage Site UNESCO. Great Zimbabwe student worksheet The British Museum. Webber Ndoro, The Preservation of Great Zimbabwe: Your Monument, Our Shrine ICCROM, Thomas N.
The Soapstone Birds from Great Zimbabwe, African Arts, 18 Maypp. Great Zimbabwe from Scientific American. Peter S. Sign up for our newsletter! Receive occasional emails about new Smarthistory content. Cite this page as: Dr. A young and ambitious Rembrandt.
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Jun 27, · Columbia Business School grads. CBS photo. Columbia Business School MBA Essay Advice. Columbia Business School has released its new MBA essay questions for the admissions year.. The prestigious B-school, which ranks 7th in Poets&Quants’ Top Business Schools ranking, requires students to respond to three essay questions. Students can choose to also submit an optional essay Oct 13, · “An Essay of Dramatic Poesy” was probably written in during the closure of the London theaters due to plague. It can be read as a general defense of drama as a legitimate art form—taking up where Sir Philip Sidney’s “Defence of Poesie” left off—as well as Dryden’s own defense of his literary practices Address: 1 Panther Pl, Mulberry, FL Phone: Fax: Grade: 9 – 12
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