Dissociative identity disorder research paper

Dissociative identity disorder research paper

Dissociative Identity Disorder 2 Integrative Research Paper: Dissociative Identity Disorder Few psychological disorders in the Diagnostic Statistical Manual have generated as much controversy as Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID). For the past 35 years diagnoses of DID, previously referred to as Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD), haveFile Size: 31KB ‘Dissociative Identity Disorder’ which we previously referred to as ‘Multiple Personality Disorder’, is a Dissociative Disorder in which, two or more personalities control the thoughts and actions of a single individual at different times. The different identities which we describe using the term ‘alters’ may exhibit differences in speech; the reactions to different circumstances and in their thought processes May 01,  · This paper entails a description of factors related to diagnosis and treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Epidemiology, including risk factors and sociocultural aspects of the disorder are presented, along with recommendations for treatment Estimated Reading Time: 8 mins

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) Research Papers - blogger.com

This paper entails a description of factors related to diagnosis and treatment of Dissociative identity disorder research paper Identity Disorder. Epidemiology, including risk factors and sociocultural aspects of the disorder are presented, along with recommendations for treatment.

Highlights of current research focusing on neurobiological and psychobiological aspects of DID provide additional insight into providing accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment.

Recommendations for future research involve studies that will elaborate on research already completed, dissociative identity disorder research paper, and provide a more detailed analysis of the characteristics of this unique and complex disorder.

Dissociative Identity Disorder DID is a fascinating disorder that is probably the least extensively studied and most debated psychiatric disorder in the history of diagnostic classification. There is also notable lack of a consensus among mental health professionals regarding views on diagnosis and treatment. In one study involving doctoral-level clinicians, nearly one-third believed that a diagnosis of Borderline Personality Disorder was more appropriate than DID.

According to the diagnostic criteria outlined in the current edition of the DSM, diagnosis of DID requires the presence of at least two personalities, with a personality being identified as a entity having a unique pattern of perception, thought, and dissociative identity disorder research paper style involving the both the self and the environment. Extensive and unusual loss of memory pertaining to personal information another feature of DID.

Differential diagnosis generally involves ruling out the effects of chemical substances and medical as opposed to psychological conditions. When evaluating children, dissociative identity disorder research paper, it is also important to ensure that symptoms are distinguishable from imaginary play American Psychiatric Association, In clinical populations, the estimated prevalence of DID ranges from 0, dissociative identity disorder research paper.

Females are more likely to receive a diagnosis of DID, at a ratio of Lewis-Hall, This author also contends that the disproportionately high number of females diagnosed with DID dispels the notion that incestual abuse is largely responsible for the development of DID. In addition, individuals diagnosed with DID commonly have a previous diagnosis of Schizophrenia.

However, this most likely represents a misdiagnosis rather than comorbidity, due to the fact that both disorders involve experiencing Schneiderian symptoms ibid. While the symptoms of DID are complex in themselves, the presence of multiple additional symptoms further complicates diagnosis and treatment.

The course and prognosis of untreated DID is uncertain, and for individuals with comorbid disorders, prognosis is less favorable. Other factors influencing a poor prognosis include remaining in abusive situations, involvement with criminal activity, substance abuse, eating disorders, or antisocial personality features. Although DID occurs more frequently in the late adolescence or early adult age groups, the average age of diagnosis is thirty, with most diagnoses occurring dissociative identity disorder research paper after the onset of symptoms.

However, other factors in addition to a history of abuse, such as disorganized or disoriented attachment style and a lack of social or familial support best predict that an individual will develop DID ibid. Studies on genetic factors contributing to DID present mixed findings, dissociative identity disorder research paper.

Another study utilizing objective ratings of dissociative behavior found that shared environmental factors had little effect in both adopted siblings and twin pairs Becker-Blease, et al, As this study did not specifically investigate pathological dissociation, more research is needed to determine if the genetic tendency to experience dissociation varies according to type of dissociation pathological or non-pathologicaland whether trauma influences the pathological development of a pre-existing tendency to dissociate.

A study conducted with inpatient, outpatient, and the general population in China dissociative identity disorder research paper prevalence rates of 0. Factors related to individualistic and collectivistic cultures may contribute to the prevalence and etiology of DID.

According to Fujii et al. While most North Americans participants with DID were physically or sexually abused in childhood, Japanese participants diagnosed with DID were far less likely to have experienced physical or sexual abuse. The North American participants in this study also had nearly three times as many alter personalities as Japanese participants.

Although the ultimate goal of treatment is integrated functioning of the alter personalities ISSD,the presence of multiple comorbid disorders, experiences of trauma, and safety concerns make a comprehensive treatment plan necessary. The International Society for the Study of Dissociation ISSD published some basic guidelines to aid clinicians in treating DID.

As might be expected from successful treatment, clients in later phases of treatment reported less self-harming behavior, symptom reduction, and more positive behavior than clients in stage 1, as indicated by scores on the Dissociative Experiences Scale II, the Posttraumatic Stress Checklist-Civilian, and the Symptom ChecklistRevised Brand, et al.

While elements of each phase occur throughout treatment, these phases describe the dominant concerns of therapy during the stages of treatment. Because of the intense feelings experienced as a result of trauma, individuals with DID may behave in ways that facilitate exploitation or are dangerous to themselves or others. Thus, a primary goal for treatment is to manage these behaviors and dissociative identity disorder research paper impulse control with some form of cognitive or behavioral therapy.

Even when amnesia exists between alters, therapists should hold the client responsible for behaviors of all alters. Therapists should also realize that some clients do not desire fusion or integration of their personalities. In this case, the goal of treatment would involve working towards cooperative functioning of alters.

Identifying relationships between alters and communicating with alters directly are strategies useful in treating DID. Requesting that the client listen inwardly to alters may facilitate necessary discussion among alters and between the therapist and client ISSD, No randomized trials have been conducted to compare the effectiveness of various theoretical orientations or medications in treating DID.

Although research involving pharmacotherapy for DID is scarce, two studies involving diazepam and perospirone seem promising. Following unsuccessful treatment with antidepressants and tranquilizers, dissociative identity disorder research paper, Okugawa, Nobuhara, Kitashiro, and Kinoshita examined the effects of treating DID with perospirone, a medication originally intended for the treatment of schizophrenia. The clinical features of this case involve two alternate personalities, who presented as a male 23 years and a female 17 years.

The client host was female and 30 years old, and had been diagnosed with DID for 13 years. During presentation of the young female personality, the client reported hearing the male alter, which was her primary symptom, along with anxiety and identity dissociation. The client experienced remission of anxiety and hallucinatory symptoms after a month of treatment with perospirone. Treatment was continued for 5 months, and medication was gradually reduced over a period of 9 months.

At the time of writing, the client had experienced remission of dissociative symptoms for 1 year. The results of this case study seem remarkable, especially because use of medication alone was responsible for drastic and sustained improvement in functioning, and continued use of medication was not required to maintain remission of symptoms, dissociative identity disorder research paper. In this study, diazepam was used to successfully facilitate memory retrieval in an amnestic client who was unable to recall his location or identity.

However, because the efficacy and safety of diazepam has not been demonstrated in the treatment of an adequate number of cases of dissociative disorders, it is difficult to generalize these findings or assess the appropriateness of this treatment. Medication is generally applicable to secondary features and comorbid disorders, and not DID itself. Considering the complexity of DID and the lack of conclusive research on treatment methods, the best treatment approach would involve an integrative style.

The use of medication for anxiety and trauma-related symptoms and the phase approach allows for immediate treatment of distressing symptoms, flexibility, and a continual evaluation of progress.

Depending on which theoretical orientation is more appropriate, various psychotherapeutic modalities can be used to address specific problems as necessary.

Inflexibly using one approach may hinder successful treatment, especially because DID often involves comorbid disorders that may need to be considered separately. Because research supports the importance of social support as a preventative factor, all efforts should be made to discover sources of support for the client once stability is achieved.

Group psychotherapy is one way to achieve this goal. Advantages of group therapy include reducing isolation related to a diagnosis of DID, the opportunity to interact with both genders in heterogeneous groups, and an accepting peer group that replaces the secrecy and isolation surrounding childhood abuse. Group therapy provides clients with the opportunity observe others and learn the purpose of alters, and hope for their own recovery as others in the group improve Dissociative identity disorder research paper, There are advantages and disadvantages to every treatment method, and it is the responsibility of the therapist to explore feasible options and empower clients in their recovery.

Continued on Next Page » 1 2 Next » Cite References Print American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders text revision. Washington, DC: Author. Ballew, L. Intravenous diazepam for dissociative disorder: Memory lost and found.

Psychosomatics, 44, A genetic analysis of individual differences in dissociative behaviors in childhood and adolescence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45 3— Brand, R, dissociative identity disorder research paper.

A naturalistic study of Dissociative Identity Disorder and Dissociative Disorder NotOtherwise Specified patients treated by community clinicians. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, dissociative identity disorder research paper, Practice, and Policy1 2 — Bryant, Dissociative identity disorder research paper. Autobiographical memories across personalities in Dissociative Identity Disorder: A case report. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 4 Buchele, B.

Group psychotherapy for persons with multiple personality and dissociative disorders. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic57 3 Cormier, J. Professional skepticism of Multiple Personality Disorder.

Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 29 2 Elzinga, B. Directed forgetting between, but not within, dissociative personality states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 2— Fujii, Y, dissociative identity disorder research paper. Multiple Personality Disorder dissociative identity disorder research paper Japan. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 52 Gleaves, D. An examination of the diagnostic validity of dissociative identity disorder.

Clinical Psychological Review, 21 4 International Society for the Study of Dissociation. Guidelines for treating Dissociative Identity Disorder in adults. Kaplan, B, dissociative identity disorder research paper. Korol, S. Familial and Social Support as Protective Factors Against the Development of Dissociative Identity Disorder [Abstract], dissociative identity disorder research paper. Lewis-Hall, F. Psychiatric illnesses in women: Emerging treatments and research.

Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. Maldonado, J.

Dissociative disorders - causes, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, pathology

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Research Paper Dissociative Identity Disorder - APPROVEDSCHOLARS

continuum is the complex disorder called dissociative identity disorder. The American Psychiatric Association () describes dissociative identity disorder as an individual who has The presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states that recurrently take Jun 07,  · Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) previously known as Multiple Personality Disorder, falls into a questionable diagnosis amongst clinicians. The concept and validity of the anomaly of a person possessing multiple personalities, has caused much debate and disagreement between U.S. mental health care professionals and their European counterparts. This paper does not question the May 01,  · This paper entails a description of factors related to diagnosis and treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder. Epidemiology, including risk factors and sociocultural aspects of the disorder are presented, along with recommendations for treatment Estimated Reading Time: 8 mins