Sep 27, · I am writing to share a story with you, specifically for you. My hope is that it will help you understand your patients along with their spouses and caregivers a little more. And as for the research you do, perhaps this will add a few more faces behind the why you do what you do. I am sure there are already so many Aug 31, · Of note is the fact that these patients were documented to have died of lung failure, having had neither clinical signs of heart involvement, nor a prior history of cardiac disease Jun 22, · The AHA put out a scientific statement in the journal, Circulation, because OSA can make heart disease symptoms worse. Obstructive sleep apnea is
10 Small Steps for Better Heart Health - Harvard Health
The lipid hypothesis also known as the cholesterol hypothesis is a medical theory postulating a link between blood cholesterol levels and the occurrence of cardiovascular disease. A summary from described it as: "measures used to lower the plasma lipids in patients with hyperlipidemia will lead to reductions in new events of coronary heart disease ". An accumulation of evidence has led to the acceptance of the lipid hypothesis by most of the medical community.
Inthe German pathologist Rudolf Virchow first described lipid accumulation in arterial walls, [6] however the initial connection between arteriosclerosis and dietary cholesterol would not be established until the research of Russian pathologist Nikolay Anichkovprior to World War I. Dutch physician Cornelis de Langen noted the correlation between nutritional cholesterol intake and incidence of gallstones in Javanese people in may develop into the more advanced lesions of the disease. With the emergence of cardiovascular disease as a major cause of death in the Western world in the middle of the heart disease essay century, the lipid hypothesis received greater attention.
In the s, a University of Minnesota researcher, Ancel Keyspostulated that the apparent epidemic of heart attacks in middle-aged American men was related to their mode of life and possibly modifiable physical characteristics. The first major report appeared in and the men were followed through until Keys presented his diet-lipid-heart disease hypothesis at a expert meeting of the World Health Organization in Heart disease essay. This was to compare the heart attack risk in populations of men engaged in traditional occupations and being from heart disease essay with different diets, especially in the proportion of fat calories of different composition.
The Seven Countries Study was formally started in fall in Yugoslavia. In total, 12, males, 40—59 years of age, were enrolled in seven countries, in four regions of the world United States, Northern Europe, Southern Europe, Japan. One cohort is in the United States, two cohorts in Finland, one in the Netherlands, three in Italy, five in Yugoslavia two in Croatia, and three in Serbiatwo in Greece, and two in Japan.
Keys' book Eat Well and Stay Well [21] popularized the idea that reducing the amount of saturated fat in the diet would reduce cholesterol levels and the risks of serious diseases due to atheroma. These led to the acceptance of the lipid hypothesis as orthodoxy by much of the medical community. The medical consensus supports the lipid hypothesis as evidence from separate meta-analyses, prospective epidemiologic studies and randomized clinical trials have demonstrated that elevated levels of LDL blood cholesterol are a significant risk factor for cardiovascular disease.
A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society concluded that "consistent evidence from heart disease essay and multiple different types of clinical and genetic studies unequivocally establishes that LDL causes ASCVD. Most publications that question the causal effect of LDL on the development of ASCVD tend to cite evidence from individual studies or a small group of highly selected studies, often without a quantitative synthesis of the presented evidence, heart disease essay.
Therefore, to avoid this type of selection bias, we have based our conclusions on the totality of evidence from separate meta-analyses of genetic studies, heart disease essay, prospective epidemiologic studies, Mendelian randomization studies, and randomized clinical trials.
This evidence base includes over studies involving over 2 million participants with over 20 million person-years of follow-up and more than cardiovascular events. Together these studies provide remarkably consistent and unequivocal evidence that LDL causes ASCVD.
A small number of "cholesterol skeptics", heart disease essay, particularly those in The International Network of Cholesterol Skeptics THINCStake a contrary position to the accepted scientific consensus of the lipid hypothesis, claiming instead that heart disease is not caused by elevated LDL, and demonizing the cholesterol-lowering drugs statins.
InUffe Ravnskovdirector of THINCS, was the lead author of a systematic review to examine how low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with mortality in older adults. They concluded that "High LDL-C is inversely associated with mortality in most people over heart disease essay years" and since "elderly people with high LDL-C live as long or longer than those with low LDL-C, our analysis provides reason to question heart disease essay validity of the cholesterol hypothesis.
Nine of the authors are members of THINCS. The National Health Service noted that "the review searched heart disease essay a single literature database, excluded studies only available in non-English language, and excluded studies where the title and abstract did not appear to contain information on the link between LDL and mortality in older adults. Professor Jeremy Pearson Associate Medical Director of the British Heart Foundation commented that "there is nothing in the heart disease essay paper heart disease essay support the authors' suggestions that the studies they reviewed cast doubt on the idea that LDL cholesterol is a major cause of heart disease or that guidelines on LDL reduction in the elderly need re-evaluating.
Some cardiologists, such as Robert DuBroff and Richard N. Fogorosacknowledge that there is good heart disease essay statins improve cardiovascular risk but suggest that there is not good evidence that the benefit follows from reducing cholesterol levels.
The "lipid hypothesis of osteoporosis " postulates that lipids involved in causing heart disease also heart disease essay to causing osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is characterized by a decrease of bone marrow cells, or osteoblastsand an increase of fat cells, or adipocytes. The formation of osteoblasts from pre-osteoblasts is reduced by oxidized lipids and in mice fed with a high fat diet Needs elaborating: Exact list of ingrediencies of diet. Observations from this model suggest that LDL oxidation products can cause osteoporosis through changing the developmental rate of bone cells leading to a reduced number of osteoblasts and increased numbers of fat cells.
In plants and microbeschanges in the lipid composition of cell membranes have been linked to cold tolerance. This effect can be reproduced artificially in genetically engineered plants. This "lipid hypothesis of cold tolerance" is less well supported in animals. In fruit fliescold acclimation does not coincide with a reduced amount of saturated fatty acids, [40] and recent genetic studies on a nematode indicate that the mechanisms involved in cold adaptation in animals may be different from those in plants and microbes.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, heart disease essay. Medical hypothesis. This article is about the health risks of blood cholesterol. For the risks of saturated fat, heart disease essay, see Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease. Main article: Ancel Keys. Main article: Seven Countries Study.
Ann Intern Med. doi : PMID J Lipid Res. An interpretive history of the cholesterol controversy, part V: the discovery of the statins and the end of the controversy". Lipid Res. Ference, Henry N. Ginsberg, Ian Graham, heart disease essay, Kausik K. Ray, Chris J. Packard, Eric Bruckert, Robert A. Hegele, Ronald M. Krauss, Frederick J. Raal, Heribert Schunkert, Gerald F. Watts, Jan Borén, Sergio Fazio, Jay D. Horton, Luis Masana, Stephen J.
Nicholls, Børge G. Nordestgaard, Bart van de Sluis, Marja-Riitta Taskinen, Lale Tokgözoğlu, heart disease essay, Ulf Landmesser, Ulrich Laufs, Olov Wiklund, heart disease essay, Jane K.
Stock, M. John Chapman, Alberico L. Catapano Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, heart disease essay, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel". European Heart Journal. In: Feingold KR, Anawalt B, Boyce A, Chrousos G, de Herder WW, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Hofland HJ, heart disease essay, Kaltsas G, Koch C, Kopp P, Korbonits M, McLachlan R, Morley JE, New M, heart disease essay, Purnell J, Singer F, Stratakis CA, Trence DL, Wilson DP.
South Dartmouth. Vierteljahrschrift für die praktische Heilkunde. Germany: Staatsdruckerei Frankfurt. Phlogose und Thrombose im Gefäßsystem. An interpretive history of the cholesterol controversy: Part I". Journal of Lipid Research. Zentralbl Allg Pathol. Beitr Pathol Anat.
The American Journal of Cardiology. Geneeskundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indie in Dutch. Am J Med. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 9 May Henry Blackburn, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota.
Seven Countries: A Multivariate Analysis of Death and Coronary Heart Disease. Harvard University Press. ISBN A methodologic note". NY State J Med. Retrieved 23 July Seven Countries: A multivariate analysis of death and coronary heart disease.
Cambridge, Massachusetts. Eat Well and Stay Well. United States: Doubleday. The American Physiological Society. Archived from the heart disease essay on 27 September Retrieved 15 April Why did it take so long? Adv Nurse Pract. Nature Medicine. S2CID
Congestive heart failure (CHF) - systolic, diastolic, left side, right side, \u0026 symptoms
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Dec 16, · Change is an important part of living with heart disease or trying to prevent it. A jump in blood pressure or cholesterol earns you a lecture on healthy lifestyle changes. Heart attack and stroke survivors are often told to alter a lifetime of habits. Some people manage to overhaul their exercise pattern, diet, and unhealthy habits with ease Jun 25, · This photo essay includes graphics, pictures, and illustrations of diseased heart tissue and the mechanisms that lead to coronary artery disease, and possible heart attack. A coronary artery occlusion may be fatal, but most patients survive it Heart of Darkness is indeed so secure today that a leading Conrad scholar has numbered it "among the half-dozen greatest short novels in the English language." nothing but black shadows of disease and starvation lying confusedly in the greenish gloom. In my original conception of this essay I had thought to conclude it nicely on an
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